Folder Table 2.2. Abundance of Plastics Observed in Sea Ice and Seawater

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pdf Day, R. H., D. G. Shaw and S. E. Ignell (1990). The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1985-88. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu. Popular

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Day-1990-The quantitative distribution and cha.pdf

Day, R. H., D. G. Shaw and S. E. Ignell (1990). The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1985-88. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu.

The distribution, abundance, and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Japan Sea were studied during the 4-yearperiod 1985-88at 203 neuston stations encompassing ca. 91,000m2 of sampling. The highest total density of neuston plastic was 316,800pieces/km2 at lat. 35"59'N, long. 152"OO'E in Transitional Water east of Japan. The highest total concentration of neuston plastic was 3,491.8 g/km2 atlat.40"00'N,long.171'30'E neartheSubarcticFrontinthe central North Pacific. Main types of neuston plastic were miscellaneous line fragments (21.7% of all stations), Styrofoam (12.8%), polypropylene line fragments (7.4%), miscellaneous or unidentified plastic (7.4%), and raw pellets (5.9%). Plastic fragments were recorded at 52.2% of all stations and at 88.3% of those stations with plastic. The highest densities (number per square kilometer) and concentrations (gram per square kilometer) of neuston plastic occurred in Japan Sea/nearshore Japan Water, in Transitional Water, and in Subtropical Water. Densities of neuston plastic in Subarctic Water and Bering Sea Water were low. Heterogeneous geographic input and currents and winds are important in distributing and concentrating neuston plastic. Microscale convergences appear to be important mechanisms that locally concentrate neuston plastic, increasing the probability of its entering food chains.

pdf Kanhai, L. D. K., K. Gårdfeldt, O. Lyashevska, M. Hassellöv, R. C. Thompson and I. O'Connor (2018). Microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 130: 8-18 Popular

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Kanhai-2018-Microplastics in sub-surface water.pdf

Kanhai, L. D. K., K. Gårdfeldt, O. Lyashevska, M. Hassellöv, R. C. Thompson and I. O'Connor (2018). Microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 130: 8-18

Polar oceans, though remote in location, are not immune to the accumulation of plastic debris. The present study, investigated for the first time, the abundance, distribution and composition of microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin. Microplastic sampling was carried out using the bow water system of icebreaker Oden (single depth: 8.5 m) and CTD rosette sampler (multiple depths: 8–4369 m). Potential micro-plastics were isolated and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Bow water sampling revealed that the median microplastic abundance in near surface waters of the Polar Mixed Layer (PML) was 0.7 particles m−3. Regarding the vertical distribution of microplastics in the ACB, microplastic abundance (particles m−3) in the different water masses was as follows: Polar Mixed Layer (0–375) > Deep and bottom. Regarding the vertical distribution of microplastics in the ACB, microplastic abundance waters (0–104) > Atlantic water (0–95) > Halocline i.e. Atlantic or Pacific (0–83).

pdf Peeken, I., S. Primpke, B. Beyer, J. Gutermann, C. Katlein, T. Krumpen, M. Bergmann, L. Hehemann and G. Gerdts (2018). Arctic sea ice is an important temporal sink and means of transport for microplastic. Nat Commun, 9(1): 1505 Popular

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Peeken-2018-Arctic sea ice is an important tem.pdf

Peeken, I., S. Primpke, B. Beyer, J. Gutermann, C. Katlein, T. Krumpen, M. Bergmann, L. Hehemann and G. Gerdts (2018). Arctic sea ice is an important temporal sink and means of transport for microplastic. Nat Commun, 9(1): 1505

Microplastics (MP) are recognized as a growing environmental hazard and have been identified as far as the remote Polar Regions, with particularly high concentrations of microplastics in sea ice. Little is known regarding the horizontal variability of MP within sea ice and how the underlying water body affects MP composition during sea ice growth. Here we show that sea ice MP has no uniform polymer composition and that, depending on the growth region and drift paths of the sea ice, unique MP patterns can be observed in different sea ice horizons. Thus even in remote regions such as the Arctic Ocean, certain MP indicate the presence of localized sources. Increasing exploitation of Arctic resources will likely lead to a higher MP load in the Arctic sea ice and will enhance the release of MP in the areas of strong seasonal sea ice melt and the outflow gateways.

pdf røsvik, B. E., T. Prokhorova, E. Eriksen, P. Krivosheya, P. A. Horneland and D. Prozorkevich (2018). Assessment of Marine Litter in the Barents Sea, a Part of the Joint Norwegian–Russian Ecosystem Survey. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5 Popular

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Grøsvik-2018-Assessment of Marine Litter in th.pdf

røsvik, B. E., T. Prokhorova, E. Eriksen, P. Krivosheya, P. A. Horneland and D. Prozorkevich (2018). Assessment of Marine Litter in the Barents Sea, a Part of the Joint Norwegian–Russian Ecosystem Survey. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5

This study presents a large-scale monitoring of marine litter performed in the joint Norwegian–Russian ecosystem monitoring surveys in the period from 2010 to 2016 and contribute to documentation of the extent of marine litter in the Barents Sea. The distribution and abundance of marine litter were calculated by recordings of bycatch from the pelagic trawling in upper 60 m, from bottom trawling close to the sea floor, and floating marine debris at surface by visual observations. The study is comprehensive regarding coverage and number with registrations from 2,265 pelagic trawls and 1,860 bottom trawls, in addition to surface registration between the stations. Marine litter has been recorded from 301 pelagic and 624 of the bottom trawl catches. In total, 784 visual observations of floating marine debris were recorded during the period. Marine litter has been categorized according to volume or weight of the material types plastic, wood,metal, rubber, glass, paper, and textile. Marine litter is observed in the entire Barents Sea and distribution vary with material densities, ocean currents and depth. Plastic dominated number of observations with marine litter, as 72% of surface observations, 94% of pelagic trawls, and 86% of bottom trawls contained plastic. Observations of wood constituted 19% of surface observations, 1% of pelagic trawls, and 17% of bottom trawls with marine litter. Materials from other categories such as metal, rubber, paper, textile, and glass were observed sporadically. Recordings of wood dominated surface observations (61.9 ± 21.6% by volume) and on seafloor (59.4 ± 35.0% by weight), while plastic dominated marine litter observations in upper 60 m depth (86.4 ± 16.5% by weight) over these 7 years. Based on recordings and volume or area covered, mean levels of plastic in the upper 60 m of the Barents Sea were found to 0.011 mg m−3 (pelagic) and 2.9 kg km−2 at sea floor over the study period. 

pdf Shaw et al. (1979). Surface Circulation and the Distribution of Pelagic Tar and Plastic Popular

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Shaw-1979-Surface circulation and the distribu.pdf

Shaw et al. (1979). Surface Circulation and the Distribution of Pelagic Tar and Plastic

Pelagic tar and plastic have been measured along 158°W in the North Pacific. Maxima in the abundance of tar are associated with convergent mesoscale and with small scale surface circulation features observed at the same lime. There is no significant correlation between abundance of tar and that of plastic. It appears that this difference in distributions is the result of different input patterns or residencetimes.

pdf Shaw, D. G. (1977). Pelagic tar and plastic in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea: 1975. Science of The Total Environment, 8(1): 13-20 Popular

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Shaw-1977-Pelagic tar and plastic in the Gulf.pdf

Shaw, D. G. (1977). Pelagic tar and plastic in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea: 1975. Science of The Total Environment, 8(1): 13-20

Seventy-one tows of 740 m2 each were made in search of pelagic tar and plastics in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea during the period October 1974 to October 1975. Tar was observed on nine occasions while plastics were found six times.The arithmetic mean value of tar abundance, 3.3 × 10-3 mg/m2, is considerably lower than most other oceanic areas for which values have been reported. Gas chromatographic analysis of this tar indicates that it is more extensively weathered than tar from the north Atlantic. An estimate of the abundance of tar lumps too small to be sampled by net tows is made based on the assumption that there are equal weights of particles in logarithmetically equal size intervals.The abundance of pelagic plastics is also low.

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