Folder Table 2.1. Abundance of Macroplastics Observed on Beaches

Documents

pdf Bergmann, M., B. Lutz, M. B. Tekman and L. Gutow (2017a). Citizen scientists reveal: Marine litter pollutes Arctic beaches and affects wild life. Mar Pollut Bull, 125(1-2): 535-540 Popular

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Bergmann-2017-Citizen scientists reveal_ Marin.pdf

Bergmann, M., B. Lutz, M. B. Tekman and L. Gutow (2017a). Citizen scientists reveal: Marine litter pollutes Arctic beaches and affects wild life. Mar Pollut Bull, 125(1-2): 535-540

Recent data indicate accumulation areas of marine litter in Arctic waters and significant increases over time. Beaches on remote Arctic islands may be sinks for marine litter and reflect pollution levels of the surrounding waters particularly well. We provide the first quantitative data from surveys carried out by citizen scientists on six beaches of Svalbard. Litter quantities recorded by cruise tourists varied from 9–524 g m− 2 and were similar to those from densely populated areas. Plastics accounted for > 80% of the overall litter, most of which ori- ginated from fisheries. Photographs provided by citizens show deleterious effects of beach litter on Arctic wildlife, which is already under strong pressure from global climate change. Our study highlights the potential of citizen scientists to provide scientifically valuable data on the pollution of sensitive remote ecosystems. The results stress once more that current legislative frameworks are insufficient to tackle the pollution of Arctic ecosystems.

pdf Johnson, S. W. (1990). Distribution, abundance, and source of entanglement debris and other plastics on Alaskan beaches, 1982-88. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu. Popular

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Johnson-1990-Distribution, abundance, and sour.pdf

Johnson, S. W. (1990). Distribution, abundance, and source of entanglement debris and other plastics on Alaskan beaches, 1982-88. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu.

Sixty kilometers of outer coast beaches at 25 locations in Alaska were surveyed from 1982 to 1988 to determine distribution, composition, quantity, deposition, and source of plastic debris washed ashore. Approximately 67% of all plastic debris found was fishing gear (e.g., net fragments, rope, floats) and 3 3 % was packaging material (e.g., plastic bags, bottles). Debrisfoundwhichcouldentanglemarinemammals, seabirds, and fish included trawl web, rope, packing straps, and monofilament gillnet. Monofilament gillnet was not abundant (usually <5 pieces/km) on beaches, but trawl web was found on beaches throughout Alaska and exceeded 10 fragments/km at more than 50% of the locations sampled. Foreign fisheries were the source of most (98%) of the monofilament gillnet washed ashore; the source of trawl web is shifting from foreign to domestic fisheries. Trends in composition and abundance of plastic debris were monitored at three sites: Amchitka Island, Middleton Island, and Yakutat. Amchitka Island had similar quantities (-300 items/km) of total plastics in 1982 and 1987, although the amount of trawl web at this site continued to increase. Quantities of plastic debris on Middleton Island remained similar from 1984 to 1987 (average 860 items/km), with the exception of an approximate 3 3 % decline in 1985 from the 4-year average. Near Yakutat, the quantity of trawl web deposited ashore increased from 8.8 to 10.1 fragments/km/year from 1985 to 1988. Continuing the surveys of these benchmark beaches will help determine whether recent mitigating legislation is effective in reducing the disposal of entanglement debris and other plastics at sea.

pdf Kienitz, A.-T. (2013). Marine Debris in the Coastal Environment of Iceland ́s Nature Reserve, Hornstrandir - Sources, Consequences and Prevention Measures Master's Thesis, University of Akureyri. Popular

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Kienitz-2013-Marine Debris in the Coastal Envi.pdf

Kienitz, A.-T. (2013). Marine Debris in the Coastal Environment of Iceland ́s Nature Reserve, Hornstrandir - Sources, Consequences and Prevention Measures Master's Thesis, University of Akureyri.

Marine debris is a growing problem, which adversely affects ecosystems and economies world-wide. Studies based on a standardized approach to examine the quantity of marine debris are lacking at many locations, including Iceland. In the present study, 26 transects were established on six different bays in the north, west and south of the nature reserve Hornstrandir in Iceland, following the standardized approach developed by the OSPAR Commission. Results showed that 95.4% of all debris items consisted of plastic. On average, 104 debris items were found in 100 x 10 m transects with an average weight of 10.4 kg. Based on those findings it was calculated that approximately 32,600 litter items, having a weight of approximately 4300 kg are polluting the north, south and west coasts of the nature reserve Hornstrandir. Indicator items were used to trace industrial origins of debris, identifying the fishing industry as the main contributor to the pollution. Labels and types of fishing gear found, indicated that the major proportion of marine debris was coming from Icelandic industries. Management recommendations are based on the analysis of effective management practices in other countries and the circumstances in Iceland. As a result, enforcement of the use of biodegradable fishing gear is seen as the best long-term solution. Additional measures like gear marking and deposit systems, improvement of port reception facilities, education and beach cleanups are also recommended.

pdf Manville, A. M. (1990). A survey of plastics on western Aleutian Island beaches and related wildlife entanglement. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu. Popular

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Manville-1990-A survey of plastics on western.PDF

Manville, A. M. (1990). A survey of plastics on western Aleutian Island beaches and related wildlife entanglement. The Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu.

A 10-day survey of 25 beaches (mean length of beach surveys - 149 m (162 yd)) on seven different islands (Attu, Agattu, Shemya, Buldir, Kiska, Little Kiska, and Adak) in the outer Aleutian Islands was conducted 12-20Jyly 1988, using the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service's research vessel MV Tiglaxasa base. Sites were randomly selected, and beaches were surveyed for all plastic from sea level to high storm tide level. Representative plastic samples were collected and all beaches photographed. Of the total 3.7 km (2.3 mi) of beach observed, 3,153 plastic objects were counted, representing 67 different finished plastic products. Debris was identified from Japan, the U.S.S.R., South Korea, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Norway, and the United States. Most prevalent were items from Japan; of those that were identifiable, most were fishing related. A precipitous decline in the Steller's sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, was noted on Attu Island (77% decrease since 1979), where pinniped surveys were conducted. The results coincide with a reported 65% overall reduction in the western Aleutian Islands population of Steller's sea lions over the past 10 years. Plastics are suspected of contributing to their decline. An adult bull sea lion on Buldir Island was photographed with a strapping band and massive entanglement scar around its neck, with reports of two other entangled, scarred, but live sea lions on Kiska Island, and one on Agattu Island. Some two dozen dead seabirds were discovered during the beach surveys wrapped in plastic although exact cause of death could be ascertained for only one. The Tiglax was temporarily entangled in rope from an apparently active brown king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, pot.There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of plastic found on beaches in protected coves versus that discovered on open, unprotected beaches. There was also a statistically significant difference in fishing-related versus non-fishing-related plastics spotted on the beaches surveyed. If the amount of plastic located on these beaches is at all indicative of that found elsewhere on Alaska's 57,924 km (36,000mi) of shoreline,plastic debris poses a serious potential problem or fish and wildlife.

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